THYROID DISEASE
Thyroid disease is a condition caused by abnormal functioning of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is responsible for producing thyroid hormones, which help regulate the functions of various organs in the body. These hormones control the heart rate and pulse, maintain them within normal ranges, regulate metabolism, and help manage body weight.
Types of Thyroid Disease
Thyroid disease, or abnormal levels of thyroid hormones in the body, can be classified into three major groups, each with different symptoms:
-
Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis) – abnormal overactivity of the thyroid gland
-
Hypothyroidism – abnormal underactivity of the thyroid gland
-
Euthyroid goiter – enlargement of the thyroid gland without hormone imbalance
Common Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism
.png)
Abnormal enlargement of the neck or a palpable lump in the neck
.png)
Excessive sweating, heat intolerance, mood swings, and irritability
.png)
Protruding eyes (exophthalmos)
.png)
Unexplained weight loss, even with normal or increased appetite
.png)
Palpitations or rapid heartbeat
.png)
Frequent diarrhea and irregular menstrual periods
Causes of Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism can result from several different conditions. When a patient visits a doctor, additional tests are performed to determine the exact cause, and treatment varies depending on the underlying condition.
Graves’ Disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is an autoimmune disorder that causes the thyroid gland to produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormones.
The exact cause of Graves’ disease or hyperthyroidism is often unknown. Genetics account for about 30% of cases. Risk factors include smoking, excessive iodine intake, stress, and pregnancy. Women are more likely to develop the condition than men.
Other less common causes include:
-
Toxic adenoma or toxic multinodular goiter
-
Thyroid cancer
-
Thyroiditis
Hyperthyroidism can also result from taking medications or dietary supplements containing thyroid hormones, such as certain weight-loss supplements.
.png)
Treatment of Hyperthyroidism
In Graves’ disease, treatment can include medication, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery. The response to treatment is generally good, and the condition can be cured. However, thyroid hormone levels should be monitored with blood tests every year.
For hyperthyroidism caused by other conditions, the treatment approach varies depending on the diagnosis.
Symptoms of Hypothyroidism
.png)
Easily fatigued, slow in movements, low energy, and frequent sleepiness
.png)
Sensitivity to cold, dry skin, and dry hair
.png)
Palpitations or abnormally slow heartbeat
.png)
Unexplained weight gain, even with the same or reduced food intake
.png)
Constipation and irregular menstrual periods
.png)
In children, hypothyroidism may cause short stature and delayed learning
Causes of Hypothyroidism
-
Inflammation of the thyroid gland due to an autoimmune disease that develops spontaneously (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis)
-
Iodine deficiency or a diet low in iodine
-
Following thyroid surgery or treatment for hyperthyroidism
-
Congenital (present from birth)
Treatment of Hypothyroidism
In most cases, hypothyroidism is treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy.
Symptoms of Goiter (Euthyroid Goiter)
.png)
Most patients usually have only an enlarged neck or a palpable lump in the neck. There are typically no abnormal symptoms in other body systems.
Causes of Euthyroid Goiter (Non-Toxic Goiter)
-
Inflammation of the thyroid gland due to an autoimmune disease that develops spontaneously (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis)
-
Iodine deficiency or a diet low in iodine
-
Thyroid nodules or thyroid cancer
.png)
Treatment of Euthyroid Goiter (Non-Toxic Goiter)
In most cases, treatment may involve taking a low dose of thyroid hormone to help reduce the size of the goiter. The treatment plan depends on the attending physician and the underlying cause of the thyroid enlargement.
How to Check Your Thyroid Gland by Yourself
.png)
You can easily examine your thyroid gland on your own by using a mirror. Follow these steps:
-
Stand or sit up straight without tilting or twisting your neck.
-
Look directly into the mirror at the thyroid area, which is located in the middle of your neck between the Adam’s apple and the collarbone.
-
Swallow. If your throat is dry, drink some water first. The thyroid gland moves up and down when you swallow, making it easier to observe.
-
Gently feel the thyroid area with your fingers to check if there is any swelling, lump, or tenderness.
-
If you cannot see or feel your thyroid gland, it usually means the gland is normal in size and not enlarged.
-
This method can also be used to help examine someone else’s thyroid gland.
-
If you are unsure after checking, it is best to consult a doctor.