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How do you get syphilis?
Syphilis is passed on through sexual contact like oral, vaginal or anal sex without a condom. It can also be passed on by sharing sex toys.
You can also get the infection if you have contact with a syphilis ulcer on someone’s genitals, bottom or inside their mouth.
It’s less common, but syphilis can also be spread
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from mother to child during pregnancy – this is known as congenital syphilis
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by injecting drugs using a needle that’s been used by a person with syphilis
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during a blood transfusion or organ transplant – this is rare in the UK as all blood or organ donations are checked for syphilis
Symptoms of syphilis
Symptoms of syphilis can be hard to notice. They’re often mild and change over time.
They can include
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small sores (ulcers) on your genitals and bottom, or in other areas like inside your mouth, on your lips or on your hands
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a rash on the palm of your hands or soles of your feet – this rash does not itch
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white or grey wart-like growth on your genitals or around your bottom
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flu-like symptoms, like fever, tiredness and headaches
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swollen glands
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patches of hair loss
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white patches inside your mouth
The infection has 3 stages – primary, secondary and late stage. Each stage has different symptoms.
Primary stage syphilis causes small sores (ulcers). The ulcers are very infectious but usually do not hurt. They can appear on your genitals, around your bottom, inside your mouth, on your lips or on your hands. The ulcers eventually disappear without needing treatment. At this stage, syphilis can also cause swollen lymph glands (lumps in your armpit, neck and groin).
Secondary stage syphilis can cause swelling of lymph glands and a skin rash. This often appears on your back or torso, palms of your hands or soles of your feet.
Late stage syphilis can happen from 7 to 30 years after getting the infection. It can affect bones, skin, the heart or the central nervous system. This stage can be life-threatening.
How to prevent syphilis
You can avoid getting syphilis or passing it on to others by
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using condoms for vaginal or anal sex
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using a condom or dental dam during oral sex
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washing sex toys or covering them with a fresh condom before sharing with another person (or use different sex toys with different partners)
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if you inject drugs, use your own needles – do not share needles
You can get free condoms at sexual health clinics.
Regular testing helps reduce the spread of STIs. We recommend you test at least once a year. If you regularly have sex with new partners, we recommend testing every 3 months.
Is syphilis serious?
All sexually transmitted infections can be serious if they're not treated quickly. If you do not get treatment for syphilis, the infection will stay in your body. It can be latent for years, which means you will not see any signs or symptoms.
Eventually, it can lead to serious health problems that can be life-threatening. Untreated syphilis can cause:
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heart problems, like angina or heart failure
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brain problems which can include fits, problems with coordination, trouble with memory, dementia or personality changes
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nerve problems, like pins and needles, pain in your joints, shooting pains
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problems with other parts of your body, like skin, bones or liver
Some of these problems may not appear for many years after being infected with syphilis. It can still be treated at this stage. But it may not be possible to reverse any damage that’s been done.
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